TYPHOID FEVER

Written by Pharm Rose George

INTRODUCTION:

Typhoid fever, also commonly referred to as just typhoid, is an enteric fever which is common in the tropics among underdeveloped countries but may be contracted anywhere. It is an enteric fever which implies that it originates in the alimentary canal. It is a potentially fatal disease especially when it’s spread becomes systemic.

CAUSATIVE ORGANISM.

Typhoid fever is caused by microorganisms of either the Salmonella species or Paratyphi species. It is important to note that there are no known animal or insect vectors of the disease and hence all transmission is considered human-to-human.

MODE OF TRANSMISSION.

The causative organisms may be spread by any of the following means:

● Oral transmission (direct contact with an infected persons stool or urine)

● Hand to mouth transmission

● Drinking water contaminated by sewage

RISK FACTORS

Risk factors for typhoid include but are not limited to:

● Age(younger children and older adults are most at risk)

● Unsanitary conditions of living

● Not washing one's hands after using the toilet

● Frequent travelers

● Immune compromised people such as those living with HIV and AIDS.

SYMPTOMS

Typhoid is a known febrile disease and thus shares similar symptoms with other febrile diseases. However some peculiar symptoms are noticed based on the period of symptomatic manifestation.

● First week: this is usually characterized by a rise in body temperature as high as 40 degrees celsius. One may also experience an increase in heart rate, headache, bloody cough, diarrhea and night sweats.

● Second week: there is a persistent fever which may be accompanied by episodes of delirium. There is also noticeable and sharp abdominal pain. Some patients may experience the onset of red spots all over their body.

● Symptoms generally become more pronounced and multiple and may progress to some complications if not treated promptly.

COMPLICATIONS

Some complications of typhoid include

● Encephalitis

● Respiratory diseases

● Intestinal haemorrhage

● Neuropsychiatric effects

● Intracranial infections

● Sepsis e.t.c.

TREATMENT

Treatment of typhoid fever is by the use of antibiotics which the organism is sensitive to after it must have been isolated. Empirical treatment may also be offered based on presenting symptoms. One may also opt for vaccination especially if they are regular travelers to endemic areas. Preventing the disease is most encouraged. Treatment must be carried out by a professional.

LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS They include but are not limited to

● Blood tests

● Stool cultures

● Widal tests.

CONCLUSION. Typhoid fever is an enteric fever which is caused by microorganisms. It is mostly best to prevent it but it may be treated with antibiotics after appropriate laboratory investigation.